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Other agents may activate or block postsynaptic receptor.Neurotransmission in the CNSSimilar to autonomic nervous system The circuitry of the CNS is much more complex than the autonomic nervous system Contains powerful networks of inhibitory neurons that are constantly active More than 10 neurotransmitters&tQSynaptic potentialsReceptors at most synapses are coupled to ion channels. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, depending on the specific ions that move and the direction&<ZJZExcitatory pathways%Excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) are generated by the following 1. stimulation of an excitatory neuron causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules 2. The influx of Na+ causes a weak depolarization 3. Pass a threshold, and an all-or-none action potential is generated. "HZZ&Inhibitory pathways Results in a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) are 1. releases neurons releases neurotransmitter molecules, such as -aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine. Increase in the permeability of specific ions, such as, potassium and chloride ions 2. the influx of chloride and efflux of potassium cause a weak hyperpolarization or IPSP that moves the postsynaptic potential away from its firing threshold. 8lcoA"t  O >Overview of parkinson s disease  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system. With an annual incidence of approximately 20 new cases per 100,000 people. PD is generally age-specific; it is estimated that approximately 1% of the population over age 60 has PD.   Etiology~Is correlated with a reduction in the activity of inhibitory dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum.>=      ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> (    6k  `}  LUSQdkYkHrh7h_    0   `  8USQdkYkHre,g7h_ ,{N~ ,{ N~ ,{V~ ,{N~    0 ^ `  X*  0h ^   Z*  0 ^ `  Z*H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#r@ *  ؞!jg$  $(  r  S 8>  r  S  `    H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#rA*$  0 $(   r  S (b `}  b r  S b ` b H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#rp?$  p$(  r  S M `}   r  S ; `  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#r($   $(   r  S PF `}   r  S T `  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.$r$  $$(  $r $ S \- `}   r $ S f `  H $ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.%rG%$  ($(  (r ( S 0 `}   r ( S ? `  H ( 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.&r2$  ,$(  ,r , S > `}   r , S ] `  H , 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.(r# 8(  8N 8 C &AparkinSH 8 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.(rqat$  <$(  <r < S \Ď `}   r < S  `  H < 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.(rС SK D(  Dh D C @A(Brain_Cross_Section<5; D <ގ iCross-section of the human brain showing the substantia nigra, the region affected by Parkinson's diseasejj,- -H D 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.)rpr4RFr!#%'"*N,-0 ? 2  ( / 0DArialNew &0z[ 0"DArialTimes New Roman Ĭģ"Treatment of Parkinsons diseaseOverview of CNSNeurotransmission in the CNSSynaptic potentialsExcitatory pathwaysInhibitory pathways !Overview of parkinsons disease õƬ 8 Etiology õƬ 10 õƬ 11 etiology( in summary) Strategy of treatmentDrugs used in PDMechanism of action CarbidopaActionsTher_\bweiwei'alNew &0z[ 0"D[SOalNew &0z[ 0 DTimes New Roman0z[ 0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` "M     !"#/XR$pVAjv `GR$iJ{k{%4G 0AA@ʚ;ʚ;g4[d[d z[ 0ppp@ <4ddddL 0& ___PPT10D[SOes New 0z[ 0DTimes New Roman0z[ 0 pp@Treatment of Parkinson s disease Overview of CNSAct presynaptically by influencing the production, storage, or termination of action of neurotransmitters. Other agents may activate or block postsynaptic receptor.Neurotransmission in the CNSSimilar to autonomic nervous system The circuitry of the CNS is much more complex than the autonomic nervous system Contains powerful networks of inhibitory neurons that are constantly active More than 10 neurotransmitters&tQSynaptic potentialsReceptors at most synapses are coupled to ion channels. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, depending on the specific ions that move and the direction&<ZJZExcitatory pathways%Excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) are generated by the following 1. stimulation of an excitatory neuron causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules 2. The influx of Na+ causes a weak depolarization 3. Pass a threshold, and an all-or-none action potential is generated. "HZZ&Inhibitory pathways Results in a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. 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GABA dopamine >6  x  etiology( in summary) Destruction of cells in the substantia nigra results in the degeneration of neurons responsible for secreting dopamine in the neostriatum.> R  Strategy of treatmentzTherapy is aimed at restoring dopamine in the basal ganglia and antogonizing the excitatory effect of cholinergic neurons.@ / Drugs used in PD levodopa(L-dopa) and carbidopa $ Mechanism of actionLevodopa: replenish the dopamine deficiency. Dopamine itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Levodopa is readily transported into the CNS and is coverted to dopamine in the brain. But side effects in the periphery.6_,> Carbidopa A dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier Diminishes the metabolism of levodopa in the GI tract and peripheral tissues, T(ActionsCLevodopa decreases the rigidity, tremors, and other symptoms of PD <Therapeutic usesBLevodopa in combination with carbidopa is a potent and efficacious$ Absorption and metabolismoLevodopa has extremely short half-life(1 to 2 hours) Taken on an empty stomach, typically 45 min before a meal.hAdverse effects@Peripheral effects: anorexia, nausea, and vomitting Hypotension*  CNS effectsHVisual and auditory hallucinations and dyskinesia Depression and anxiety'  Interactions jThe vitamin pyridoxine(V6) increases the peripheral breakdown of levodopa and diminishes its effectiveness&kQA" Bromocriptine `Is a dopamine receptor agonist Produces little response in patients who do not react to levodopaX $  `P$(  Pr P S ] `}   r P S h_ `  H P 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.*r$  `$(  `r ` S <~ `}   r ` S Ц `  H ` 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.,rj$  X$(  Xr X S m `}   r X S  `  H X 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.+rZ$  d$(  dr d S s `}   r d S x `  H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.,r d\$  h$(  hr h S tw `}   r h S P% `  H h 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.-rP$  l$(  lr l S D `}   r l S б `  H l 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10..r$  p$(  pr p S   `}     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}Root EntrydO)0r Pictures Current User)SummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(~DocumentSummaryInformation8[SOalNew &0z[ 0 DTimes New Roman0z[ 0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` tlL)     /XR$pVAjv `GR$iJ{k{%4G 0AA@ʚ;ʚ;g4[d[d z[ 0ppp@ <4ddddL 0& ___PPT10D[SOes New 0z[ 0DTimes New Roman0z[ 0 ppW@Treatment of Parkinson s disease Overview of CNSAct presynaptically by influencing the production, storage, or termination of action of neurotransmitters. Other agents may activate or block postsynaptic receptor.Neurotransmission in the CNSSimilar to autonomic nervous system The circuitry of the CNS is much more complex than the autonomic nervous system Contains powerful networks of inhibitory neurons that are constantly active More than 10 neurotransmitters&tQSynaptic potentialsReceptors at most synapses are coupled to ion channels. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, depending on the specific ions that move and the direction&<ZJZExcitatory pathways%Excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) are generated by the following 1. stimulation of an excitatory neuron causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules 2. The influx of Na+ causes a weak depolarization 3. Pass a threshold, and an all-or-none action potential is generated. "HZZ&Inhibitory pathways Results in a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) are 1. releases neurons releases neurotransmitter molecules, such as -aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine. Increase in the permeability of specific ions, such as, potassium and chloride ions 2. the influx of chloride and efflux of potassium cause a weak hyperpolarization or IPSP that moves the postsynaptic potential away from its firing threshold. 8lcoA"t  O >Overview of parkinson s disease  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system. With an annual incidence of approximately 20 new cases per 100,000 people. PD is generally age-specific; it is estimated that approximately 1% of the population over age 60 has PD.   Etiology~Is correlated with a reduction in the activity of inhibitory dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum.>=      Substantia nigra striatum Fire tonically, rather than in response to specific muscular movements or sensory input. GABA dopamine >6  x2  @H2(  Hr H S Hˎ `}   r H S б `  RB H s *D ~ RB H s *DV * V RB H@ s *D *] H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.)r0irS3 !H ? /3[K  i ( / 0DAri  !"#Oh+'0` `h  "Treatment of Parkinsons diseaseMiweiwei8iMicrosoft PowerPointn@ @g:#r@0rGRg  (  -- @ !--'@Arial-. 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